4 Topography
4.1 1. Import AOI
crs_master= sf::st_crs('EPSG:3857')
rivers = sf::st_read("../assets/inputs/rivers_site.shp", quiet=T) |>
sf::st_cast("LINESTRING") |> sf::st_transform(crs_master)
lakes = sf::st_read("../assets/inputs/lakes_site.shp", quiet=T) |>
sf::st_cast("POLYGON") |> sf::st_transform(crs_master)
aoi = sf::read_sf("../assets/inputs/chilwa_watershed_4326.shp", quiet=T) |>
sf::st_cast("POLYGON") |> sf::st_transform(crs_master)
bbox_aoi = terrainr::add_bbox_buffer(aoi, 20000, "meters")
vbox_aoi = terra::vect(bbox_aoi)
tmap::tmap_mode("view")
tmap::tm_shape(aoi) + tmap::tm_borders(col = "red") +
tmap::tm_shape(rivers) + tm_lines(col = "turquoise", lwd=0.5) +
tmap::tm_shape(lakes) + tm_fill("turquoise") +
tmap::tm_basemap("Esri.WorldImagery")4.2 2. Process DEM
Note: More efficient conditioning algorithms available with RichDEM library 1
# z = 12: 1-Arc Second
# z = 11: 3-Arc Second
# z = 10: 5-Arc Second
#Download and process DEM
dem = elevatr::get_elev_raster(aoi, z=10,clip="locations")|>
terra::rast() |>
terra::crop(terra::vect(aoi)) |>
flowdem::breach() |>
flowdem::fill(epsilon=T)
slope_matrix <- matrix(c(
0, 5, 1, # <5%
5, 10, 2, # 5-10%
10, 15, 3, # 10-15%
15, 20, 4, # 15-20%
20, 30, 5, # 20-30%
30, 100, 6 # 30-100% (since you clamped at 100)
), ncol=3, byrow=TRUE)
aspect_matrix <- matrix(c(
0, 22.5, 1, # North
22.5, 67.5, 2, # Northeast
67.5, 112.5, 3, # East
112.5, 157.5, 4, # Southeast
157.5, 202.5, 5, # South
202.5, 247.5, 6, # Southwest
247.5, 292.5, 7, # West
292.5, 337.5, 8, # Northwest
337.5, 360, 1 # North (wraparound)
), ncol=3, byrow=TRUE)
slope_deg = terra::terrain(dem, v="slope", unit="degrees", neighbors=8)
slope_pct = base::tan(slope_deg * pi/180) * 100
slope_pct = terra::clamp(slope_pct, lower=0, upper=100)
aspect_deg = terra::terrain(dem, v="aspect", unit="degrees", neighbors=8)
slope = terra::classify(slope_pct, slope_matrix, include.lowest=TRUE)
aspect = terra::classify(aspect_deg, aspect_matrix, include.lowest=T)
raster::writeRaster(dem, "../assets/TIF/dem_5arc_condt_chilwa.tif", overwrite=T)
raster::writeRaster(slope, "../assets/TIF/slope_5arc_condt_chilwa.tif", overwrite=T)
raster::writeRaster(aspect, "../assets/TIF/aspect_5arc_condt_chilwa.tif", overwrite=T)4.3 3. Render Maps
dem = terra::rast("../assets/TIF/dem_5arc_condt_chilwa.tif")
slope = terra::rast("../assets/TIF/slope_5arc_condt_chilwa.tif")
aspect= terra::rast("../assets/TIF/aspect_5arc_condt_chilwa.tif")
levels(slope) <- data.frame(ID = 1:6,
slope_class = c("<5%", "5-10%", "10-15%", "15-20%", "20-30%", "30-100%"))
levels(aspect) <- data.frame(ID = 1:8,
direction = c("N", "NE", "E", "SE", "S", "SW", "W", "NW"))
tmap::tmap_mode("plot")
tmap::tm_shape(dem) +
tmap::tm_raster(
col.scale = tm_scale_continuous(values = terrain.colors(7)),
col.legend = tm_legend(title = "Elevation (m)", reverse = T)) +
tmap::tm_shape(rivers) + tm_lines(col = "turquoise") +
tmap::tm_shape(lakes) + tm_fill("turquoise") +
tmap::tm_graticules(lines = T, labels.rot = c(0, 90), lwd = 0.2) +
tmap::tm_scalebar(position = c("LEFT", "BOTTOM"), text.size = 0.5) +
tmap::tm_compass(color.dark="gray60",position=c("top","left")) -> tm1_static
tmap::tm_shape(slope) +
tmap::tm_raster(
col.scale = tm_scale(values = "viridis"),
col.legend=tm_legend(title="Slope (%)",reverse = T)) +
tmap::tm_shape(rivers) + tm_lines(col = "turquoise") +
tmap::tm_shape(lakes) + tm_fill("turquoise") +
tmap::tm_graticules(lines = T, labels.rot = c(0, 90), lwd = 0.2) +
tmap::tm_scalebar(position = c("LEFT", "BOTTOM"), text.size = 0.5) +
tmap::tm_compass(color.dark="gray60",position=c("top","left")) -> tm2_static
tmap::tm_shape(aspect) +
tmap::tm_raster(
col.scale = tm_scale(values = "PiYG"),
col.legend=tm_legend(title="Aspect",reverse = F)) +
tmap::tm_shape(rivers) + tm_lines(col = "turquoise") +
tmap::tm_shape(lakes) + tm_fill("turquoise") +
tmap::tm_graticules(lines = T, labels.rot = c(0, 90), lwd = 0.2) +
tmap::tm_scalebar(position = c("LEFT", "BOTTOM"), text.size = 0.5) +
tmap::tm_compass(color.dark="gray60",position=c("top","left")) -> tm3_static
tmap::tmap_arrange(tm1_static, tm2_static, tm3_static, nrow=1)
Runtime Log
devtools::session_info()
## ─ Session info ───────────────────────────────────────────
## setting value
## version R version 4.3.0 (2023-04-21)
## os macOS 15.7.1
## system aarch64, darwin20
## ui X11
## language (EN)
## collate en_US.UTF-8
## ctype en_US.UTF-8
## tz America/Vancouver
## date 2025-11-03
## pandoc 3.8 @ /opt/local/bin/ (via rmarkdown)
## quarto 1.7.33 @ /usr/local/bin/quarto
##
## ─ Packages ───────────────────────────────────────────────
## package * version date (UTC) lib source
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## terrainr * 0.7.6 2025-07-25 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.0)
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## textshaping 1.0.3 2025-09-02 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.0)
## tibble * 3.3.0 2025-06-08 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.3)
## tidyr * 1.3.1 2024-01-24 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.1)
## tidyselect 1.2.1 2024-03-11 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.1)
## tidyterra * 0.7.2 2025-04-14 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.3)
## tidyverse * 2.0.0 2023-02-22 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.0)
## timechange 0.3.0 2024-01-18 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.3)
## timeDate 4041.110 2024-09-22 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.3)
## tmap * 4.1 2025-05-12 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.3)
## tmaptools * 3.2 2025-01-13 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.3)
## torch 0.16.0 2025-08-21 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.0)
## tzdb 0.5.0 2025-03-15 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.3)
## unifir 0.2.4 2024-02-01 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.3)
## units 0.8-7 2025-03-11 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.3)
## urlchecker 1.0.1 2021-11-30 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.3)
## usethis 3.1.0 2024-11-26 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.3)
## uuid 1.2-1 2024-07-29 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.3)
## vctrs 0.6.5 2023-12-01 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.3)
## viridis 0.6.5 2024-01-29 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.1)
## viridisLite 0.4.2 2023-05-02 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.3)
## visNetwork 2.1.2 2022-09-29 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.0)
## withr 3.0.2 2024-10-28 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.3)
## wk 0.9.4 2024-10-11 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.3)
## xfun 0.53 2025-08-19 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.0)
## xgboost * 1.7.11.1 2025-05-15 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.3)
## XML 3.99-0.18 2025-01-01 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.3)
## xtable 1.8-4 2019-04-21 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.3)
## xts * 0.14.1 2024-10-15 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.3)
## yaml 2.3.10 2024-07-26 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.3)
## yulab.utils 0.2.1 2025-08-19 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.0)
## zeallot 0.2.0 2025-05-27 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.3)
## zip 2.3.3 2025-05-13 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.3)
## zoo * 1.8-14 2025-04-10 [1] CRAN (R 4.3.3)
##
## [1] /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/library
## * ── Packages attached to the search path.
##
## ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────Breach-fill algorithm by Lindsay’s paper (2016) “Efficient hybrid breaching-filling sink removal methods for flow path enforcement in digital elevation models: Efficient Hybrid Sink Removal Methods for Flow Path Enforcement: (Hydrological Processes 30, 846–857. doi:10.1002/hyp.10648) ->
flowdem::comp_breach_lindsay2016(dem)↩︎